Teenage sleep loss puts boys at diabetes risk

Jordan Gaines, a Penn State neuroscience researcher, noted that how much slow-wave sleep a teenage boy gets may predict whether he is at risk for insulin resistance and other health issues.

Boys who experience a greater decline in slow-wave sleep as adolescents have a significantly higher chance of developing insulin resistance than those who more closely maintained their slow-wave sleep as they got older. These boys are then also at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes, increased visceral fat and impaired attention.

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is an important stage of sleep that is involved in memory consolidation and recovery after sleep deprivation, and is also associated with reduced cortisol and inflammation.

On a night following sleep deprivation, people will have significantly more slow-wave sleep to compensate for the loss, said Gaines, adding that people lose slow-wave sleep most rapidly during early adolescence. Given the restorative role of slow-wave sleep, the researchers weren't surprised to find that metabolic and cognitive processes were affected during this developmental period.

Gaines found that in boys, a greater loss of SWS between childhood and adolescence was significantly associated with insulin resistance and this loss was marginally associated with increased belly fat and impaired attention. However, Gaines did not find any associations between SWS and insulin resistance, physical health or brain function in girls.

The study has been presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Ecology: Air pollution kills over 5.5 million people worldwide annually

About 1.6 million people died of air pollution in China and 1.4 million died in India in 2013, the researchers said. 

The international team of researchers from India, China, Canada and the US estimated that despite efforts to limit future emissions, the number of premature deaths linked to air pollution will climb over the next two decades unless more aggressive targets are set.

The findings were presented on Friday at the 2016 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, DC.

"Air pollution is the fourth highest risk factor for death globally and by far the leading environmental risk factor for disease," said Michael Brauer, professor at University of British Columbia's School of Population and Public Health in Vancouver, Canada. 

"Reducing air pollution is an incredibly efficient way to improve the health of a population," Brauer noted.

Power plants, industrial manufacturing, vehicle exhaust and burning coal and wood all release small particles into the air that are dangerous to a person's health. 

In India, a major contributor to poor air quality is the practice of burning wood, dung and similar sources of biomass for cooking and heating. 

Millions of families, among the poorest in India, are regularly exposed to high levels of particulate matter in their own homes.

"India needs a three-pronged mitigation approach to address industrial coal burning, open burning for agriculture, and household air pollution sources," Chandra Venkataraman, professor at Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, in Mumbai, India, said.

In China, burning coal is the biggest contributor to poor air quality. 

Outdoor air pollution from coal alone caused an estimated 366,000 deaths in China in 2013, Qiao Ma, a doctoral student at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, noted.

Ma also calculated the expected number of premature deaths in China in the future if the country meets its current targets to restrict coal combustion and emissions through a combination of energy policies and pollution controls. 

She found that air pollution will cause anywhere from 990,000 to 1.3 million premature deaths in 2030 unless even more ambitious targets are introduced.

"Our study highlights the urgent need for even more aggressive strategies to reduce emissions from coal and from other sectors," Ma said.